Household Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Bronchopneumonia Among Children Under Five: A Cross-Sectional Study at RSU Bunda Padang
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bronchopneumonia remains a significant cause of respiratory morbidity among children under five, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Household cigarette smoke exposure is considered an important environmental factor that may increase children's susceptibility to respiratory infections. This study aimed to determine the association between household cigarette smoke exposure and bronchopneumonia among children under five hospitalized at RSU Bunda Padang, Indonesia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 56 children under five from February to March 2026. Data on cigarette smoke exposure were collected through structured interviews with parents or guardians using a questionnaire, while bronchopneumonia diagnosis was obtained from medical records. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that 37 children (66.1%) were diagnosed with bronchopneumonia, and 24 children (42.9%) experienced high cigarette smoke exposure. High cigarette smoke exposure was more common among children with bronchopneumonia than those without bronchopneumonia (59.5% vs. 10.5%). Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between household cigarette smoke exposure and bronchopneumonia occurrence (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that reducing children's exposure to cigarette smoke within the household is important as part of preventive strategies to decrease the risk of bronchopneumonia among children under five.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Andayani, S., & Astuti, D. (2023). The association between cigarette smoke exposure and the incidence of acute respiratory infections among children under five. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 10(2), 95–102. https://jurnal.fk.unand.ac.id/indeix.php/jka
Anggraini, D., Suryani, N., & Putri, R. (2020). Risk factors for pneumonia among children under five in Indonesia: Family cigarette smoke exposure. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 15(3), 123–130. https://joiurnal.fkm.ui.ac.id/keismas
Apriliani. (2025). The association between family smoking behavior and the incidence of bronchopneumonia among children under five in the pediatric ward of Sultan Hadlirin Islamic Hospital, Jepara.
Aprilla, N., & Rahmawati, E. (2019). The association between family members’ smoking habits and the incidence of pneumonia among children under five. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 15(1), 45–52. https://joiurnal.unhas.ac.id/indeix.php/mkmi
Ariyani, R., & Lestari, H. (2022). Cigarette smoke exposure as a risk factor for bronchopneumonia among children under five. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 16(2), 87–94. https://eijoiurnal.poilteikkeis-smg.ac.id/oijs/indeix.php/jik
Ayu, D., & Sari, N. (2021). The association between parental smoking habits and the incidence of bronchopneumonia in children. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 17(1), 54–60. https://joiurnal.unneis.ac.id/sju/indeix.php/keimas
Ayuk, A. (2024). Complications and long‐term impact of early life pneumonia. Pediatric Pulmonology, 60, S51 - S53. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.27299
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Barat. (2025). West Sumatra Province in Figures 2023. Padang: BPS.
Cahyani, F., & Widodo, S. (2020). Household cigarette smoke exposure as a risk factor for pneumonia among children under five. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 15(2), 77–84. https://eijoiurnal.undip.ac.id/indeix.php/jpki
Damayanti, R., & Yuliani, I. (2019). The association between family smoking behavior and the incidence of acute respiratory infections among children under five. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 18(1), 1–7. https://eijoiurnal.undip.ac.id/indeix.php/jkli
Darmiati, D., & Wahyuni, S. (2022). Determinants of pneumonia among children under five in a community health center working area. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(3), 210–218. https://jikm.unsri.ac.id
Efni, Y., Hardisman, H., & Pertiwi, D. (2016). Risk factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia among children under five in Air Tawar Barat Subdistrict, Padang. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas.
Fadhila, N., & Lato, T. (2022). The effect of cigarette smoke on the incidence of bronchopneumonia in children. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala, 20(2), 85–91. https://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JKS
Gunawan, H., & Sari, M. (2019). The association between fathers’ smoking behavior and acute respiratory infections among children under five. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas, 13(2), 101–108. https://jurnal.fkm.unand.ac.id
Hts, S. E. P., & Amalia, D. (2023). Bronchopneumonia. Jurnal Medika Nusantara, 1(3).
K., & Prayogo, I. (2025). The Association Between Passive Smoke Exposure and the Incidence of Pneumonia in Children Under Five: A Systematic Review. The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research. https://doi.org/10.70070/qfhg2x50
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2025). Understanding Bronchopneumonia. Directorate General of Health Services.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2022). Bronchopneumonia. Directorate General of Health Services. https://yankeis.keimkeis.goi.id/1400/broinkoipneiumoinia
Luluk. (2020). Family members’ smoking behavior and the incidence of bronchopneumonia among children under five in Marwah 2 Ward, RSU Haji Surabaya.
M, S., & Vaithilingan, S. (2024). Childhood Pneumonia in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Healthcare-Seeking Behaviors. Cureus, 16. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.57636
Marangu, D., & Zar, H. (2019). Childhood pneumonia in low-and-middle-income countries: An update. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 32, 3 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2019.06.001
Marlina, E., & Fitri, Y. (2021). Family cigarette smoke exposure and acute respiratory infections among children under five. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 15(1), 23–30. https://eijoiurnal.poilteikkeis-smg.ac.id
Ningsih, S., & Rahman, A. (2019). Household environmental factors and pneumonia among children under five. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 15(2), 110–118. https://joiurnal.unhas.ac.id/indeix.php/mkmi
Nurarif, A. H., & Kusuma, H. (2020). Application of Nursing Care: Medical Diagnoses and NANDA NIC-NOC. Yogyakarta: MediAction.
Oktaviani, R., & Putri, D. (2022). The association between smoking inside the home and pneumonia among children under five. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 17(1), 12–19. https://eijoiurnal.undip.ac.id/indeix.php/jpki
Prasetyo, B., & Hidayati, N. (2020). Cigarette smoke exposure as a risk factor for acute respiratory infections in children. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 8(1), 45–52. https://ei-joiurnal.unair.ac.id/JBEi
Pfurtscheller, T., Lam, F., Shah, R., Shohel, R., Sans, M. S., Tounaikok, N., Hassen, A., Berhanu, A., Bikila, D., Berryman, E., Habte, T., Greenslade, L., Nantanda, R., & Baker, K. (2024). Predicting the potential impact of scaling up four pneumonia interventions on under-five pneumonia mortality: A prospective Lives Saved Tool (LiST) analysis for Bangladesh, Chad, and Ethiopia. Journal of Global Health, 14. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04001
Putri, S. R., Maharani, F., & Romdhoni, A. (2022). Acute respiratory infections in children under-five years because of the smoking parents: Literature review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.3.1369
Rafael. (2023). Household cigarette smoke exposure and pneumonia among children under five. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 10(1), 33–40.
Rahmawati, E., & Sari, L. (2018). Cigarette smoke exposure and pneumonia among children under five. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 17(2), 89–95. https://eijoiurnal.undip.ac.id/indeix.php/jkli
Reza Wardana Safitri, R. L. S. (2022). Effective coughing techniques to reduce shortness of breath and secretions in children diagnosed with bronchopneumonia. 3(4), 5751–5756. https://stp-mataram.ei-joiurnal.id/JIP/articlei/vieiw/1951/1514
Ridwan, & Pratiwi, A. (2017). Household environmental factors associated with pneumonia among children under five. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 6(2), 162–170.
Riestiyowati, M. A., Rahardjo, S., & Murti, B. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure toward the Incidence of Pneumonia in Children Under Five. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.03
Riestiyowati, M. A., Rahardjo, S., & Widyaningsih, V. (2020). Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five: A Meta-Analysis. https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.57
RSU Bunda Padang. (2025). Report on the Number of Bronchopneumonia Patients at RSU Bunda Padang.
Ruaman. (2025). The association between family members’ smoking behavior and the incidence of bronchopneumonia among children under five at Ummi Hospital, Bogor City.
Salsabila, K. A., Salman, F. A., Putri, R. A., Maritza, T. R., Salsabila, N. A., & Herbawani, C. K. (2026). Parental Smoking Factors and Their Impact On Acute Respiratory Infection (Ari) In Children Under Five: Literature Review. Hearty. https://doi.org/10.32832/hearty.v14i1.21048
Saputri. (2025). Report from the Directorate General of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control.
Sari, N., & Putra, R. (2022). Risk factors for pneumonia among children under five in hospitals. Sari Pediatri, 23(6), 345–352. https://saripeidiatri.oirg
Setiawan, D., & Wahyuni, S. (2019). The association between parental smoking and acute respiratory infections among children under five. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 14(3), 201–208. https://joiurnal.unneis.ac.id
Sulastri, E., & Hidayat, F. (2021). Household cigarette smoke exposure and bronchopneumonia in children. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala, 21(1), 25–31. https://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JKS
Syarli, R. A., Amanatillah, N. H., Pohan, A. Y. A., & Alefiya, F. (2025). The Association Between Parental Smoking Habits and the Incidence of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Under Five Years of Age: A Systematic Review. The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research. https://doi.org/10.70070/xqf1f521
Wibowo, A., & Lestari, D. (2020). Determinants of pneumonia among children under five in Indonesia. Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia, 4(2), 77–84. https://eijoiurnal2.litbang.keimkeis.goi.id/indeix.php/jeiki
Widiastuti, Y., Setiani, O., & Budiyono, B. (2024). Exposure to Cigarette Smoke in the Home and the Risk of Pneumonia in Toddlers in Indonesia. JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan. https://doi.org/10.31964/jkl.v21i1.809
Wilkes, C., Bava, M., Graham, H., Duke, T., Duke, T., Graham, H., Graham, S., Gray, A. Z., Gwee, A., Von Mollendorf, C., Mulholland, K., Russell, F. M., Hume-Nixon, M., Kazi, S., Kevat, P. M., Neal, E. F. G., Nguyen, C., Quach, A., Reyburn, R., . . . Were, W. (2023). What are the risk factors for death among children with pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic review. Journal of Global Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.13.05003
Wildayanti, A., & Susilo, W. (2023). The association between family smoking habits and bronchopneumonia in children. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro, 10(3), 165–172. https://eijoiurnal3.undip.ac.id/indeix.php/meidicoi
Wulandari, D., & Erawati, M. (2019). Textbook of Pediatric Nursing. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Xiang, S., Chen, Z., Dai, Z., & Wang, F. (2023). Global burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to secondhand smoke among children under 5 years of age, 2010–2019: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Public Health, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16848-5
Y., Fan, S., & Xi, J. (2025). Recent updates regarding the management and treatment of pneumonia in pediatric patients: a comprehensive review. Infection, 53, 2341 - 2359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-025-02605-w
Yuliana, R., & Pramono, D. (2021). Family smoking habits and pneumonia among children under five. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 10(3), 210–217. https://jurnal.fk.unand.ac.id/indeix.php/jka